The purpose of the present research is to investigate Ali Shariati's approach to the history of Islam as one of the contemporary religious intellectuals of Iran and to investigate his influence of Marx's theory of class conflict in the analysis and interpretation of historical phenomena in the general formulation of his religious views. By applying the theory of class conflict in the reading of Islamic history and religious texts, Shariati has extracted a revolutionary narrative from it, which is of particular importance in drawing the ideological image of religion in his thinking. The main issue is, what place has the theory of class conflict had in Shariat's historiography and Islamology? This research, using the analytical-historical method, wants to analyze the main characteristics of Shariati's narration of history and religious texts and differentiate his approach with Marxist ideas.Shariati's radical and revolutionary reading of Islamic history is the result of his being influenced by Marx's historical theories, but this does not mean the complete acceptance of the materialistic ideas of Marx's historical theories. Shariati's way of using the capacity of the theory of class conflict in presenting a new reading of religion by focusing on the history of religious texts is one of the most important findings of this research. The general result of this research shows that the separation of class conflict theory from historical materialism in the Marxist tradition is the most important feature of Shariati's radical and revolutionary reading of Islamic history.

Not only lacking of attention to urban hierarchical system and city center distribution fashion in a region but also the rapid growth of urban settlements cause to lead issues such as immoderation and fragment in cities spatial structure; incorrect political and economic decisions and immethodical planning that provoke this study. This research is based on the evaluation of Lorestan Province's urban hierarchy. The data of this descriptive-analytical research is collected via library-documentary. Prevalent urban and region planning models such as class conflict limit; the nearest neighborhood analysis and the entropy index have been used to analyze the data. Research result indicates that Lorestan Province's urban hierarchy tends to become moderate (2.15) by considering the nearest neighborhood parameter. The entropy index tended to 1 based on normal status in most analyzed periods. Therefore, the space distribution in Lorestan Province's urban areas has been moderated through this study based on results of two models which is mentioned earlier. Regarding class conflict solution model, population distribution in Lorestan Province's urban areas has been fragmented and immoderate from 1956 to 2011.As a matter of fact, Khoramabad City, as a political, business and economic center; and Borujerd City, being a historical background, natural position, and industries growth in this city, have attracted the most population in comparison with the other cities. At last, this study suggests a couple of guidelines to improve hierarchical system.

Introduction: The Malocclusion or misalignment of teeth affects not only oral function but also facial esthetics and the psychological well-being of patients. In addition, obsessivecompulsive disorder is a psychological disorder associated with anxiety involving 22. 5% of the population during their life. This study aimed to assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients having class I malocclusion with crowding. Materials & Methods: In this case-control trial, Using the Yale-Brown questionnaire, female patients with 18-22 years old of ages having class I crowding malocclusion and referring to orthodontic department of Azad Dental school enrolled in the trial as the case group (n = 60). The participants with similar malocclusion without reference for orthodontic treatments followed up as the control group (n = 60). The obtained data by Yale-Brown questionnaire classified the obsessive-compulsive disorder in the participants into four groups of mild, fairly mild, moderate and severe levels. The results of the two groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test (p value < 0. 05). Results: In malocclusion patients referring for orthodontic treatments, 19 (31. 7%) had mild OCD; 7 (11. 7%) had fairly mild OCD; 23 (38. 3%) had moderate OCD and 11 (18. 3%) showed severe OCD. These values were 28 (46. 7%); 12 (20. 0%); 15 (25. 0%) and 5 (8. 3%) for malocclusion patients not referring for orthodontic patients respectively. No significant differences were found among 2 groups regarding severity of OCD (p value = 0. 07). Conclusion: In terms of the severity of OCD, there were no significant variations between malocclusion patients with and without referring for orthodontic treatments.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Marginal seal is one of the most important factors for a successful restoration.It is commonly accepted that microleakage can be reduced by utilization of an incremental filling procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different layering techniques on microleakage in direct class II composite restorations.METHODS & MATERIALS: 30 freshly extracted human premulars were used to prepare classll cavities, divided into 3 groups of 10 each (H, O, V).Each cavity was restorated with composite (Z250, 3M, ESPE) using 3 different filling technique.Group H was filled in horizontal /Group O was restorated by an oblique incremental technique and group V by a vertical technique.Then teeth were immersed in Agnitrate 50% byW. And prepared for studing under the steeormicroscope 20×. The result of microleakage was compared among groups by kruskal-wallis test. (Pv>0.05) RESULT: There was no signtificant difference between the vertical and oblique incremental filling comparing with the horizontal technique.

Background: Iran has experienced a sharp decline in childbearing rates over the past three decades, and the extent to which attitudes toward childbearing are influenced by marital satisfaction, socio-economic status, and spiritual health remains unclear. Additionally, past research has largely focused on women who already have children. This study, however, examines all women who, after five years of marriage, have not yet decided to have children. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the role of spirituality, marital satisfaction, and socio-economic status in shaping attitudes toward childbearing among married women in Semnan City in 2023, specifically those without a history of pregnancy or intention to conceive. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 235 married women who had neither the intention nor history of pregnancy, with a minimum marriage duration of five years. Participants were purposefully selected during visits to the family health center in Semnan City in 2023. Data were collected using the Childbearing Attitudes Questionnaire, the Spiritual Health Questionnaire, the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Socio-Economic Status Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression tests in SPSS software version 24. Results: The largest proportion of participants belonged to the age group of 26-32 years (31.35%). A majority (137 individuals, 58.3%) had either an associate or bachelor’s degree, and most participants (58.3%) were employed. The results demonstrated that spirituality (41%), socio-economic status (56%), and marital satisfaction (65%) were significant predictors of attitudes toward childbearing (P < 0.01). Conclusions: As marital satisfaction emerged as the strongest predictor of attitudes toward childbearing, it is recommended that health centers offer courses to improve and enhance marital satisfaction among women.

Dealing effectively with workplace conflicts is a great challenge in employees' interactions at work. conflict is almost inevitable in individual and organizational life because it stems from so many different factors. This study aimed to promote understanding of conflict and conflict management styles in organizations. For this purpose, a sample of 43 managers and employees of an educational institution (university) were randomly selected. Appropriate statistical analysis including Mann-Whitney test, Pearson Correlation, and X2 were utilized to analyze research data that was collected by using Dubrin and Rahim questionnaires.The findings of this article show that, although, there is no significant difference among managers and employees in perceived conflict, managers perceive more conflict than employees in this organization. Furthermore, results show that major styles of conflict management among employees are compromise and avoidance styles, although there is no significant difference among managers and employees in using conflict management styles. Some support was found for the effect of age, education & tenure on conflict management styles.

Background: Based on the studies which have been done till now, resynchronization of ventricular contraction results in clinical improvement in patients who suffer from moderate to severe heart failure with intraventricular conduction disturbance. and using this method is increasing in our country. Study in this filed seems to be necessary.Material and methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients with advanced heart failure, NYHA class III and IV, LV ejection fraction (EF)£35%, QRS³120 were studied before and 3 months after CRT. Mean age was 60, 57 and 8 patients with NYHA class III and IV respectively. All patients received furosemide, spironolactone, carvedilol, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II –receptors blockers at the optimal tolerated dosage. Mean LVEF was 20.83%. Echocardiographic (Tissue Doppler Imaging), ECG and Function class (NYHA) were assessed at baseline before implantation and 3 months after.Result: LV ejection fraction increased +6.8% (21.10±7 vs. 27.93±8.4%, P<0.001). Mitral valve regurgitation severity reduced (P<0.013). Interventricular mechanical delay reduced (53.83ms±18.45 vs. 26.53ms±13.90 P=0.000) and also Intra ventricular mechanical delay reduced (62.53ms±25.08 vs. 45.55ms±13.47, P=0.000). Dilated cardiomyopathic group has more mean changes in LVEF than Ischemic group (+9.06%±7.3 vs. +4.08%±6.5, P=0.01).Conclusion: Biventricular pacing results in significant clinical improvement in patients who have moderate to severe heart failure.